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Operation Alfa
Operation Alfa ((イタリア語:Operazione Alfa); ) was an offensive carried out in early October 1942 by Italian, Croatian and Chetnik forces against the communist Partisans in the Prozor region (today in Bosnia and Herzegovina), then a part of the Croatian puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH).
The operation was arranged between ''Generale designato d'armata'' (acting General) Mario Roatta, commander of the Italian Second Army, and Chetnik commander (''vojvoda'') Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin with approval of Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović. It was carried out in coordination with the Germans and included elements of the Croatian Home Guard and the Croatian Air Force. Faced with heavy weaponry and heavily outnumbered, the Partisans retreated and left Prozor. Chetniks under the command of Dobroslav Jevđević and Petar Baćović then massacred between 543 and 2,500 Croats and Muslims, and destroyed numerous villages in the area. Following protests from both the Italians and the Croatian authorities, the Chetniks were discharged or relocated. Italian and NDH forces followed up Operation Alfa with Operation Beta, which was focused on capturing Livno and surrounding localities. Baćović was killed by NDH forces near the end of the war, while Jevđević escaped to Italy and avoided prosecution by the new Yugoslav government. Mihailović was captured by the communists following the war, tried and found guilty for the Chetnik actions at Prozor (among other charges), and was sentenced to death and executed.
==Background==
On 6 April 1941, the Axis powers invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, resulting in the capitulation of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April. Yugoslavia was broken up, and one of the fragments was the puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (, Независна Држава Хрватска, NDH), which consisted of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The NDH was divided by a German–Italian demarcation line, known as the "Vienna Line" with the Germans occupying the northern and northeastern parts of the NDH, and the Italians the southern and southwestern parts. The NDH immediately implemented genocidal policies against the Serb, Jewish and Romani population within its borders. Initial armed resistance consisted of two loosely-cooperating factions, the communist-led Partisans, and the Chetniks who were mostly led by Serb-chauvinist officers of the defeated Royal Yugoslav Army. However, the Chetniks, in their pursuit of an ethnically pure Greater Serbia, adopted a policy of collaboration and cooperated "extensively and systematically" with Italian forces. In July and August 1942, under the protection provided by the Italians, the Chetniks thoroughly ethnically cleansed eastern Herzegovina of its Croats and Muslims.
In September 1942, the Chetniks, knowing that they could not defeat the Partisans alone, attempted to persuade the Italians into carrying out a significant operation within their occupation zone. On 10 and 21 September, Chetnik ''vojvoda'' Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin met with ''Generale designato d'armata'' (acting General) Mario Roatta, commander of the Italian Second Army. He informed Roatta that he was not under the command of Draža Mihailović, but that he had seen Mihailović in Avtovac on 21 July and that he had his approval in collaborating with the Italians. Trifunović-Birčanin urged Roatta to take action "as soon as possible" in a major operation against the Partisans in the Prozor–Livno area. In return Trifunović-Birčanin offered support in the form of 7,500 Chetniks, on the condition that they be provided the necessary arms and supplies. Roatta provided "some arms and promises of action" in response to Trifunović-Birčanin's demands. Mihailović later congratulated Trifunović-Birčanin on his conduct and "high comprehension of the () national line" in these arrangements.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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